La Pinacoteca Tretiakov es uno de los museos más grandes del mundo. Para ver sus tesoros cientas de miles de personas llegan anualmente al callejón tranquilo que se llama Lavrúshenskiy, situado en uno de los barrios más antiguos de la ciudad llamado Zamoskvoréchye ( si traducimos ” atrás del río Moscova”).
En su viaje turistico a MOSCÚ Usted no puede perder este museo legendario. La colección de la Pinacoteca Tretiakov está dedicada solamente al arte nacional rusa y a los pintores que hicieron un aporte grande en la historia del arte rusa o cuya vida estaba bastante entrelazada con la historia del arte.
Así estaba pensada la galería por su fundador, el mercader e industrial de Moscú, Pablo Tretiakov (1832-1898) y así se conservó hasta nuestros días.
El año 1856 está conciderado como el año de la fundación de la galería cuando Tretiakov joven se compró sus dos primeros cuadros de los pintores rusos contemporáneos a él. Su tarea era crear una colección que en el futuro podría convertirse en el museo del arte nacional.
El año 1892 Moscú y junto con Moscú toda Rusia recibieron en el don la colección grande ( a eso de 2 mil cuadros, grabados y esculturas) y ya famosa de las obras maestras auténticas del arte nacional.
Hasta una pequeña visita a la pinacoteca Tretiakov en la imaginación del visitante una muestra del
caracter nacional de la pintura rusa y el arte rusa.
Causan una impresión fuerte el volúmen de la actividad y la mundividencia del mecenas Pablo Tretiakov. Cada año, a partir de 1856 a su colección se agregaban decenios y a veces centenares de cuadros. A pesar de
su racionalidad Tretiakov no paraba ni siquiera cuando había que gastar mucho , si esto estaba de acuerdo con sus intereses.
Él mismo personalmente conocía a decenas de pintores. Escuchaba
sus opiniones, crítica y consejos pero siempre actuaba a su propia manera. Para los pintores de aquel tiempo como I.Repin o G.Perov el reconocimiento de su talento por parte de Pablo Tretiakov era un acontecimiento clave en sus vidas.
Primeramente todo lo que se compraba por Pablo Tretiakov se colocaba en los cuartos de su casa residencial en el callejón Lavrushenskiy comprada por la familia de los Tretiakov a principios de los años 50 del siglo XIX. Pero ya a finales de los años sesenta del siglo XIX se acumularon tantos cuadros que no había manera de colgarlos todos en los cuartos.
Por eso en 1872 comienza la construcción del primer departamento de dos plantas de la Pinacoteca Tretiakov que construyó el yerno del coleccionista, arquiteto A. Kaminskiy. Hasta ahora todo lo que fue adquirido por P. Tretiakov forma parte de la tesorería auténtica no solo del museo de Tretiakov sino de todo el arte nacional rusa.
Hoy en día la colección de la Pinacoteca Tretiakov cuenta con más de 100 mil obras y se divide en varios departamentos:
1. El arte antigua rusa de los siglos XII-XVIII – iconos, esculturas, artes plásticas y aplicadas;
2. Pintura del siglo XVIII – la primera mitad del siglo XIX, la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, finales del siglo XIX e inicio del siglo XX;
3. Gráfica del siglo XVIII – inicio del siglo XX;
4. La escultura rusa de los siglos XVIII – inicio del siglo XX века;
5. La colección de los marcos anticuarios, muebles,
arte aplicada y un departamento enorme ( más que la mitad de la colección) de la pintura postrevolucionaria , escultura y gráfica que se ubican en otro edificio situado en Krimskiy Val.
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