La Plaza Roja en Moscú – la historia de la formación

La Plaza Roja en Moscú_A Praça Vermelha em MoscouLa Plaza Roja es la plaza principal y la más famosa de Moscú que se ubica al lado del muro nordeste del Kremlin entre las calles de San Nicolás, de San Ilías, de Santa Barbara y Las torres-puertas de la Resurreción. El Kremlin de Moscú se encuentra en la parte Occidental de la Plaza Roja, la parte oriental de la plaza está ocupada por las Galerías Comerciales Superiores (GUM) y las Galerías Comerciales Medias, en la parte norteña se encuentran las torres puertas de la Resurreción  y el museo de Historia y en el sur la catedral de la Intercesión ( de San Basilio).

A los ciudadanos de Moscú así como a los turistas de Moscú les gusta visitar la Plaza Roja. En la plaza se encuentra el lugar Lóbnoye, el monumento a Mínin y Pozhárskiy y el mausoleo de Lenin. A su lado se ubica la necrópolis del Kremlin donde están enterrados los altos dignatarios ( en su mayoría los políticos y los militares) de la URSS (además en los años 1920-30 por ahí enterraban a los comunistas extrangeros).

Es muy difícil determinar cuando se formó la Plaza Roja. Probablemente una plaza libre ya existía después de la construcción del Kremlin. La dejaron libre para que el enemigo no pudiera acercarse a la ciudad a escondidas. Este espacio libre es la tarjera de visita de la capital, el fondo muy famoso en las fotos de viajeros a Rusia.

Frecuentemente la formación de la plaza la atribuyen para el final del siglo XV cuando después de la construcción del muro del Kremlin aquí se formó una plaza vacía. Pero a finales del siglo XV los muros no se construían sino que se reconstruían y con esto el territorio del Kremlin fue ampliado absorbiendo el territorio de la plaza que había delante del muro antiguo.

Algunos autores relacionan la aparición de la plaza con un acontecimiento aun más tardío- el incendio de la ciudad de 1493.

Esta versión dice que en 1493 Ivan III mandó destruir todas las construcciones de madera que había al lado de la muralla del Kremlin porque podían causar un incendio. Como resultado de esta orden se formó la plaza antecesora a la Plaza Roja. En la plaza se inició un comercio animado y con el tiempo empezaron a construir de nuevo las casas de madera que de vez en cuando destruían. Las construcciones de madera se quemaban a veces, por eso la plaza algún tiempo llevó el nombre “Incendio”.

A principios del siglo XVI alrededor de los muros del Kremlin fue cavado un foso ancho ( la anchura-36 m, la profundidad -10-12m), que se llenaba por las aguas del rio Neglínnaya. Este foso recibió el nombre del arquitecto -Alevisio Friázin. Este foso defensivo lo atravezaban varios puentes.

En aquel tiempo las calles principales daban a la plaza. Además cerca de aquí se encontraban los atracaderos, lo que permitió a esta plaza ocupar un lugar comercial importante de Moscú. Cuando en 1535-1538 fue construida la muralla Kitay-goródskaya, la Plaza Roja se quedó dentro de la muralla. Después de otro incendio que sucedió en 1547 por orden de Iván el Terrible a lo largo de la parte oriental de la plaza fueron construidas las filas comerciales de madera. Y más tarde en el gobierno de Boris Gosunov fueron reconstruidas en piedra. En este tiempo en la Plaza Roja se

encontraban las plazoletas para las armas y cerca del lugar Lóbnoye se encontraba el cañón Zar famoso.

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